You may find usefull informations for land, air, sea and multimodal transportations
Border Gates | City | To / Frm |
---|---|---|
Türkgözü Border Gate | Ardahan-Posof | Georgia |
Aktaş Border Gate | Ardahan-Çıldır | Georgia |
Canbaz Railway Border Gate | Ardahan-Çıldır | Georgia |
Sarp Border Gate | Artvin-Hopa | Georgia |
Akyaka Border Gate | Kars | Armenia |
Dilucu Border Gate | Iğdır | Nahcivan(Azerbaijan) |
Gürbulak Border Gate | Ağrı-Doğubeyazıt | Iran |
Kapıköy Border Gate | Van-Özalp | Iran |
Esendere Border Gate | Hakkâri-Yüksekova | Iran |
Habur Border Gate | Şırnak-Silopi | Iraq |
Cizre Border Gate | Şırnak (Closed) | Syria |
Girmeli Border Gate | Mardin-Nusaybin (Closed) | Syria |
Şenyurt Border Gate | Mardin (Closed) | Syria |
Ceylanpınar Border Gate | Şanlıurfa (Closed) | Syria |
Akçakale Border Gate | Şanlıurfa (Closed) | Syria |
Mürşitpınar Border Gate | Şanlıurfa (Closed) | Syria |
Karkamış Border Gate | Gaziantep (Closed) | Syria |
Çobanbey Border Gate | Gaziantep /Closed) | Syria |
Öncüpınar Border Gate | Kilis (Closed) | Syria |
İslâhiye Border Gate | Hatay (Closed) | Syria |
Cilvegözü Border Gate | Hatay (Closed) | Syria |
Karbeyaz(Yiğitoğlu) Border Gate | Hatay /Closed) | Syria |
Yayladağı Border Gate | Hatay (Closed) | Syria |
İpsala Border Gate | Edirne | Greece |
Uzunköprü Border Gate | Edirne | Greece |
Karaağaç (Pazarkule) Border Gate | Edirne | Greece |
Kapıkule Border Gate | Edirne | Bulgaria |
Aziziye (Dereköy) Border Gate | Kırklareli | Bulgaria |
Hamzabeyli Border Gate | Edirne | Bulgaria |
A2A | Airport to Airport |
AMS | Automated Manifest System |
AWB | Air Waybill |
BAF | Bunker Adjustment Factor |
B/L | Bill Of Lading |
C.O.D | Collect(cash)on Delivery |
C/N | Credit Note |
C/O | Certificate Of Origin |
CAF | Currency Adjustment Factor |
CFS | Container Freight Station |
CY | Container Yard |
D/N | Debit Note |
D/O | Delivery Order |
EDI | Electronic Data Interface |
EAP | Enviromental Protection Agency |
FCL | Full Container Load |
FDA | Food&Drug Administration |
FIATA | İntl. Fed. of Freight Forwarders |
FTL | Full Truck Load |
HAWB | House Air Waybill |
HBL | House Bill Of Lading |
HQ | Headquarter |
HTS | Harmonized Tarif Schedules |
IATA | International Air Transport Assc. |
INV | Invoice |
L | Length |
L/C | Letter of Credit |
LCL | Less Than Container Load |
LTL | Less Than Truck Load |
MAWB | Master Air Waybill |
MBL | Master Bill Of Lading |
N/A | Not Applicable |
NVOCC | NonVessel Operating CommonCarrier |
OBL | Original Bill Of Lading |
P.O | Purchase Order |
PINV | Proforma Invoice |
SED | Shippers Export Declaration |
SSL | Steam Ship Line |
VAT | Value-Added Tax |
VSL | Vessel |
W | Width |
WTO | World Tarde Organization |
ZIP | Zip Code |
Afghanistan | 93 | Gibraltar | 350 | Oman | 968 |
Albania | 355 | Greece | 30 | Pakistan | 92 |
Algeria | 213 | Greenland | 299 | Palau | 680 |
American Samoa | 1 684 | Grenada | 1 473 | Panama | 507 |
Andorra | 376 | Guam | 1 671 | Papua New Guinea | 675 |
Angola | 244 | Guatemala | 502 | Paraguay | 595 |
Anguilla | 1 264 | Guinea | 224 | Peru | 51 |
Antarctica | 672 | Guinea-Bissau | 245 | Philippines | 63 |
Antigua and Barbuda | 1 268 | Guyana | 592 | Pitcairn Islands | 870 |
Argentina | 54 | Haiti | 509 | Poland | 48 |
Armenia | 374 | Holy See (Vatican City) | 39 | Portugal | 351 |
Aruba | 297 | Honduras | 504 | Puerto Rico | 1 |
Australia | 61 | Hong Kong | 852 | Qatar | 974 |
Austria | 43 | Hungary | 36 | Republic of the Congo | 242 |
Azerbaijan | 994 | Iceland | 354 | Romania | 40 |
Bahamas | 1 242 | India | 91 | Russia | 7 |
Bahrain | 973 | Indonesia | 62 | Rwanda | 250 |
Bangladesh | 880 | Iran | 98 | Saint Barthelemy | 590 |
Barbados | 1 246 | Iraq | 964 | Saint Helena | 290 |
Belarus | 375 | Ireland | 353 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 1 869 |
Belgium | 32 | Isle of Man | 44 | Saint Lucia | 1 758 |
Belize | 501 | Israel | 972 | Saint Martin | 1 599 |
Benin | 229 | Italy | 39 | Saint Pierre and Miquelon | 508 |
Bermuda | 1 441 | Ivory Coast | 225 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 1 784 |
Bhutan | 975 | Jamaica | 1 876 | Samoa | 685 |
Bolivia | 591 | Japan | 81 | San Marino | 378 |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 387 | Jordan | 962 | Sao Tome and Principe | 239 |
Botswana | 267 | Kazakhstan | 7 | Saudi Arabia | 966 |
Brazil | 55 | Kenya | 254 | Senegal | 221 |
British Virgin Islands | 1 284 | Kiribati | 686 | Serbia | 381 |
Brunei | 673 | Kosovo | 381 | Seychelles | 248 |
Bulgaria | 359 | Kuwait | 965 | Sierra Leone | 232 |
Burkina Faso | 226 | Kyrgyzstan | 996 | Singapore | 65 |
Burma (Myanmar) | 95 | Laos | 856 | Slovakia | 421 |
Burundi | 257 | Latvia | 371 | Slovenia | 386 |
Cambodia | 855 | Lebanon | 961 | Solomon Islands | 677 |
Cameroon | 237 | Lesotho | 266 | Somalia | 252 |
Canada | 1 | Liberia | 231 | South Africa | 27 |
Cape Verde | 238 | Libya | 218 | South Korea | 82 |
Cayman Islands | 1 345 | Liechtenstein | 423 | Spain | 34 |
Central African Republic | 236 | Lithuania | 370 | Sri Lanka | 94 |
Chad | 235 | Luxembourg | 352 | Sudan | 249 |
Chile | 56 | Macau | 853 | Suriname | 597 |
China | 86 | Macedonia | 389 | Swaziland | 268 |
Christmas Island | 61 | Madagascar | 261 | Sweden | 46 |
Cocos (Keeling) Islands | 61 | Malawi | 265 | Switzerland | 41 |
Colombia | 57 | Malaysia | 60 | Syria | 963 |
Comoros | 269 | Maldives | 960 | Taiwan | 886 |
Cook Islands | 682 | Mali | 223 | Tajikistan | 992 |
Costa Rica | 506 | Malta | 356 | Tanzania | 255 |
Croatia | 385 | Marshall Islands | 692 | Thailand | 66 |
Cuba | 53 | Mauritania | 222 | Timor-Leste | 670 |
Cyprus | 357 | Mauritius | 230 | Togo | 228 |
Czech Republic | 420 | Mayotte | 262 | Tokelau | 690 |
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 243 | Mexico | 52 | Tonga | 676 |
Denmark | 45 | Micronesia | 691 | Trinidad and Tobago | 1 868 |
Djibouti | 253 | Moldova | 373 | Tunisia | 216 |
Dominica | 1 767 | Monaco | 377 | Turkey | 90 |
Dominican Republic | 1 809 | Mongolia | 976 | Turkmenistan | 993 |
Ecuador | 593 | Montenegro | 382 | Turks and Caicos Islands | 1 649 |
Egypt | 20 | Montserrat | 1 664 | Tuvalu | 688 |
El Salvador | 503 | Morocco | 212 | Uganda | 256 |
Equatorial Guinea | 240 | Mozambique | 258 | Ukraine | 380 |
Eritrea | 291 | Namibia | 264 | United Arab Emirates | 971 |
Estonia | 372 | Nauru | 674 | United Kingdom | 44 |
Ethiopia | 251 | Nepal | 977 | United States | 1 |
Falkland Islands | 500 | Netherlands | 31 | Uruguay | 598 |
Faroe Islands | 298 | Netherlands Antilles | 599 | US Virgin Islands | 1 340 |
Fiji | 679 | New Caledonia | 687 | Uzbekistan | 998 |
Finland | 358 | New Zealand | 64 | Vanuatu | 678 |
France | 33 | Nicaragua | 505 | Venezuela | 58 |
French Polynesia | 689 | Niger | 227 | Vietnam | 84 |
Gabon | 241 | Nigeria | 234 | Wallis and Futuna | 681 |
Gambia | 220 | Niue | 683 | West Bank | 970 |
Gaza Strip | 970 | Norfolk Island | 672 | Yemen | 967 |
Georgia | 995 | North Korea | 850 | Zambia | 260 |
Germany | 49 | Northern Mariana Islands | 1 670 | Zimbabwe | 263 |
Ghana | 233 | Norway | 47 |
Domestic Calling Codes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adana | 322 | Erzincan | 446 | Mardin | 482 |
Adıyaman | 416 | Erzurum | 442 | Muğla | 252 |
Afyon | 272 | Eskişehir | 222 | Muş | 436 |
Ağrı | 472 | Gaziantep | 342 | Nevşehir | 384 |
Aksaray | 382 | Giresun | 454 | Niğde | 388 |
Amasya | 358 | Gümüşhane | 456 | Ordu | 452 |
Ankara | 312 | Hakkari | 438 | Osmaniye | 328 |
Antalya | 242 | Hatay | 326 | Rize | 464 |
Ardahan | 478 | Iğdır | 476 | Sakarya | 264 |
Artvin | 466 | Isparta | 246 | Samsun | 362 |
Aydın | 256 | İçel | 324 | Siirt | 484 |
Balıkesir | 266 | İstanbul (EUROPE) | 212 | Sinop | 368 |
Bartın | 378 | İstanbul (ASIA) | 216 | Sivas | 346 |
Batman | 488 | İzmir | 232 | Şanlıurfa | 414 |
Bayburt | 458 | Karabük | 370 | Şırnak | 486 |
Bilecik | 228 | Karaman | 338 | Tekirdağ | 282 |
Bingöl | 426 | Kars | 474 | Tokat | 356 |
Bitlis | 434 | Kastamonu | 366 | Trabzon | 462 |
Bolu | 374 | Kayseri | 352 | Tunceli | 428 |
Burdur | 248 | Kırıkkale | 318 | Uşak | 276 |
Bursa | 224 | Kırklareli | 288 | Van | 432 |
Çanakkale | 286 | Kırşehir | 386 | Yalova | 226 |
Çankırı | 376 | Kilis | 348 | Yozgat | 354 |
Çorum | 364 | K.Maraş | 344 | Zonguldak | 372 |
Denizli | 258 | Kocaeli | 262 | K.K.T.C | 392 |
Diyarbakır | 412 | Konya | 332 | ||
Düzce | 380 | Kütahya | 274 | ||
Edirne | 284 | Malatya | 422 | ||
Elazığ | 424 | Manisa | 236 |
A | ALPHA | J | JULIETT | S | SIERRA |
B | BRAVO | K | KILO | T | TANGO |
C | CHARLY | L | LIMA | U | UNIFORM |
D | DELTA | M | MIKE | V | VICTOR |
E | ECHO | N | NOVEMBER | W | WHISKY |
F | FOXTROT | O | OSCAR | X | X-RAY |
G | GOLF | P | PAPA | Y | YANKEE |
H | HOTEL | Q | QUEBEC | Z | ZULU |
I | INDIA | R | ROMEO |
www.izto.org.tr | IZMIR CHAMBER OF COMMERCE |
www.izmir.bel.tr | IZMIR METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY |
www.izfas.com.tr | IZMIR INTERNATIONAL FAIR |
www.denizticaretodasi.org | CHAMBER OF SHIPPING |
www.tdi.com.tr | TURKISH MARITIME ORGANIZATION |
www.ibp.gov.tr | TURKISH MINISTRY OF ECONOMY |
www.kgm.gov.tr | TURKISH GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF HIGHWAYS |
www.tobb.org.tr | THE UNION OF CHAMBERS AND COMMODITY EXCHANGES OF TURKIYE |
www.wto.org | WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION |
www.iccwbo.org | INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE |
www.world-airport-codes.com | WORLD AIRPORT CODES |
http://www.convertworld.com/tr/ | CONVERT TABLE |
www.oanda.com/currency/converter | CURRENCE CONVERTER |
Bills of Lading
In virtually all circumstances in which goods are carried by container or conventional ship, the carriers issue Bills of Lading. Bills of Lading act as receipts for goods, and are also evidence of the contract to carry the goods, detailing the terms and conditions under which it has been agreed to carry them. However, a Bill of Lading also acts as a document of title. This means that, in order to take possession of the goods, the consignee must have an original of the document. Bills of Lading therefore have an additional, quite different, function from other freight documents. It is thus essential to keep “original” Bills of Lading secure (there are usually two or more originals, plus nonnegotiable copies).
Exporters can provide instructions to a freight forwarder using an Export Cargo Shipment Instruction (ECSI), which contains full details of the exporter, the consignee, the goods and packaging, and the nature of the exporter’s requirements. The freight forwarder will then arrange transport, delivery and all other transport documents.
The CMR form (Convention des Marchandises Routiers) is used for road freight between many European countries. It confirms receipt of the goods by the carrier, in good condition unless specified otherwise, and states conditions for the international carriage of goods by road. The carrier will normally complete it but the exporter is responsible for its accuracy. Although the CMR form does carry some insurance, this may not be sufficient and extra insurance may need to be arranged.
A CIM consignment note (Convention International des Marchandises par Chemin de Fer) which sets conditions for international transportation of goods by rail – can appear to look very complex. However, only the top half of the form is used for information about the goods and transportation: the bottom half is used during carriage as various railway companies enter charges and exchange rates. CIM conditions dictate that the carrier is responsible for loss and/or damage of the goods from the time he takes possession of them until they are delivered.
Air Waybills (AWBs) are consignment notes for air-freight. They act as a receipt for the goods “in apparent good order and condition” and are also evidence of a contract between the exporter and the carrier(s). The carrier completes the form. Unlike Bills of Lading, AWBs are not documents of title, so that the holder does not necessarily have ownership of the goods. The consignee can claim the goods on arrival merely by quoting the AWB number.
Sea Waybills are consignment notes for sea freight. They act as a receipt for the goods “in apparent good order and condition” and are also evidence of a contract between the exporter and the carrier(s). The carrier completes the form. Unlike Bills of Lading, Sea Waybills are not documents of title, so that the holder does not necessarily have ownership of the goods. They are increasingly used instead of Bills of Lading: they are simpler, which helps, e.g. when only short sea crossings are involved, or for regular shipments to established customers whose creditworthiness is not in doubt.
Courier Waybills are usually much shorter and simpler than Air or Sea Waybills. They do not conform to a particular standard and are issued by individual couriers to meet their own purposes.
Standard shipping notes are completed by the exporter or his representative to arrange shipments of non-hazardous goods. (A standard shipping note cannot be used for shipments of hazardous or dangerous goods). The notes act as instructions for the shipping line, and are delivered to the receiving authority at the port or freight terminal either with, or in advance of, the goods.
For the export of goods that carry a UN hazard code, a Dangerous Goods Note must always be used in place of a Standard Shipping Note. In the case of uncertainty about the hazard rating of your goods, advice could be sought from a reputable freight broker. Note that UN hazardous goods codes differ from Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) ratings.
Certificates – origin, inspection and health Certain destination countries require Certificates of Origin to prove the country of origin of the goods. Many countries give a preferential tariff for products imported from certain other countries. Conversely, countries that boycott goods from certain other countries will seek an undertaking that goods do not break their import restrictions.
The forms are obtained from a Chamber of Commerce and completed by the exporter. The certificates need to be authenticated by a Chamber of Commerce or by the destination country’s UK embassy or other representative, or by both. Getting Certificates of Origin authenticated may take seven working days or more. It may also be a substantial cost to the exporter, and the cost should be anticipated and reflected in quotations.
EU Certificates of Origin are internationally recognised under the terms of the International Convention relating to Simplification of Customs Authorities 1923, under which signatories have agreed to recognise the Certificates of Origin issued by official authorities or other designated organisations. Some countries also require EC certificates to be legalised by their UK embassy or other appointee in the UK.
Arab-British Chamber of Commerce Certificates of Origin are the only certificates accepted by certain Arab countries. Certification is by the Arab-British Chamber of Commerce, and, in some cases, the certificate must also be legalised by the destination country’s UK embassy.
EUR1 Movement Certificates are used to claim preferential duty rates (either a lower rate or nil) for goods exported to a European Free Trade Area (EFTA) country, the Baltic States or Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia).
A Certificate of Conformity or inspection certificate states that goods comply with standards laid down by the destination country’s authorities in terms of (for example) physical condition, quantity, and technical specification. The goods must be inspected, before shipment, usually at the exporter’s premises, by an appointed inspection body. The exporter must pay for this service, and so should ensure that the cost is allowed for in quotations. For some destination countries, a Certificate of Conformity is a legal requirement. In other cases, a Certificate of Conformity is a condition for payment specified in the terms of the Letter of Credit. In countries where a Certificate of Conformity is required, if a shipment does not have one, it is likely to be impounded.
Health certificates, issued by the Department of Food and Rural Affairs (DeFRA), are required for all shipments of agricultural or fresh meat products. Phytosanitary and plant certificates, also issued by DeFRA, are required for exports of planting materials, trees and shrubs, and for certain raw fruits and vegetables.
Financial documents
The two main financial instruments are bills of exchange and promissory notes. Both are negotiable, so that they can be used to raise finance.
Bill of exchange
A bill of exchange (also known as a draft or bill) is an unconditional written order drawn up and signed by the exporter (the drawer) requiring the person to whom it is addressed (the drawee) to pay a specified sum at a specified time to – or “to the order of” – a named payee. It is effectively a demand for payment in a form that is recognised and understood by banks, traders and courts throughout the world (although, in some countries, there may be fiscal restraints on the issue of bills). As such, it carries certain legal rights. Special forms are available, but the bill can simply be computer-printed on plain paper or a company letterhead. The drawee will be specified in any Documentary Letters of Credit involved in the transaction. The Documentary Letters of Credit may also specify that the bill be marked “Drawn under Documentary Credit number… of (the issuing bank)”. These details must be adhered to in order not to prejudice payment. A sight bill is payable on demand. A term bill is payable on a given date (“at a fixed time”) or at a given interval (e.g. 60 days) after it is presented (“a determinable future time”). The exporter can have payment made to their own order, i.e. the payee is “ourselves”. In this case, the exporter must sign the document on the back, endorsing it either “in blank” or in favour of another party, e.g. the bank.
Promissory note
A promissory note is written by the importer (the maker) in favour of the exporter (the payee or beneficiary) or the bearer. It is an unconditional promise to pay a specified sum at a specified time to – or “to the order of” – a named payee or the bearer. The drawer may specify a given date (“at a fixed time”) or one that can clearly be calculated (“a determinable future time”).
Additional documents you may need to be familiar with:
Commercial invoice
The invoice is the starting point for the production of all the documentation an exporter must produce, and other documents will use information shown on the invoice. For importers, the invoice comes at the end of the chain and reflects the goods you will have received. The invoice must be produced by the exporter and must carry authoritative information. Depending on the goods and destination, certain information must be included on the invoice, e.g. the customer’s VAT details (if the destination is in the EU), or special declarations required by authorities during transit or in the destination country. The invoice must sometimes be certified or legalised by a third party.
The invoice also has several functions over and above requesting payment:
• it is required to accompany the shipment, even when the goods are being sent free of charge (e.g. as with trial samples)
• it is a master document that helps to identify the shipment and its contents
• it is the exporter’s declaration of the value of the goods.
A pro-forma invoice is sometimes needed in advance of shipment. It acts as a quotation, and enables the customer to apply for an import licence, draw up a Letter of Credit, or get foreign exchange to pay for the goods. It looks essentially the same as a commercial invoice. The pro-forma represents an offer that can be legally binding in most countries: acceptance by your customer makes you party to a valid contract. It is advisable to state it clearly that the offer has a defined expiry date and/or that prices are subject to change without notice. Prices quoted should also be according to agreed terms of shipment, ideally Incoterms® 2010. The terms of payment should also be specified.
Some destination countries require completion of a consular invoice or certificate (a standard form prepared by the destination country) – usually in addition to your standard commercial invoice. You must normally present the consular invoice to the destination country’s UK embassy before shipping the goods, however, your local Chamber of Commerce can help advise. Consular invoices involve important factors of time and cost: the procedure will usually take at least five working days, and the embassy will charge for its services – either a flat fee or one proportional to the value of the invoice. The charges can make an impact on your margins, so you should check their cost before quoting your customer. Ideally, you should use the customer’s own language on his invoice, but this is not always practical. English is used increasingly throughout the world, and invoices written in English alone will be accepted in many countries. However, the destination country’s culture must guide your decision, and for some destination countries the invoice must be produced in that country’s own language.
Insurance documents
Responsibility for insurance may be split between exporter and importer or be borne entirely by one party or other (See page 19 for more on responsibility and Incoterms®). The actual requirements should be specified in the contract terms. Even if insurance appears not to be specifically mentioned, the various terms of Incoterms® 2010 specify which party is responsible for a particular risk, and to what point in transportation. The exporter can agree to arrange insurance for which the importer is responsible under a particular term, and may even agree to pay for the insurance; if so, this must be specifically noted in the contract. Similarly, and with the same proviso, the importer can agree to arrange the exporter’s insurance or even to bear the exporter’s risk.
Cargo insurance is normally subject to standard clauses known as “Institute Cargo Clauses”, a standard set of provisions recognised throughout the UK insurance industry, and, in fact, throughout the world. (Some countries use them “as is”, while others follow them very closely.) The English Institute Cargo Clauses are subject to English Law and jurisdiction.
Packing list A packing list can assist in the carriage and handling of goods, especially in larger shipments of mixed items. It will also allow Customs authorities to work faster when they need to call for physical examination of certain specific items. If part of the shipment gets lost or damaged, the packing list helps to identify quickly and accurately which goods are affected. Finally, a packing list may be a formal requirement of a Letter of Credit, in which case it should state the shipment covered. A packing list usually shows the following information: markings; number and type (e.g. cartons, crates) of packages; contents; and gross weight and dimensions. For simple consignments, all the relevant information can usually be included on the commercial invoice.
Copyright Ekinoks International Inc. All Rights Reserved.