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You may find usefull informations for land, air, sea and multimodal transportations

Border Gates City To / Frm
Türkgözü Border Gate Ardahan-Posof Georgia
Aktaş Border Gate Ardahan-Çıldır Georgia
Canbaz Railway Border Gate Ardahan-Çıldır Georgia
Sarp Border Gate Artvin-Hopa Georgia
Akyaka Border Gate Kars Armenia
Dilucu Border Gate Iğdır Nahcivan(Azerbaijan)
Gürbulak Border Gate Ağrı-Doğubeyazıt Iran
Kapıköy Border Gate Van-Özalp Iran
Esendere Border Gate Hakkâri-Yüksekova Iran
Habur Border Gate Şırnak-Silopi Iraq
Cizre Border Gate Şırnak (Closed) Syria
Girmeli Border Gate Mardin-Nusaybin (Closed) Syria
Şenyurt Border Gate Mardin (Closed) Syria
Ceylanpınar Border Gate Şanlıurfa (Closed) Syria
Akçakale Border Gate Şanlıurfa (Closed) Syria
Mürşitpınar Border Gate Şanlıurfa (Closed) Syria
Karkamış Border Gate Gaziantep (Closed) Syria
Çobanbey Border Gate Gaziantep /Closed) Syria
Öncüpınar Border Gate Kilis (Closed) Syria
İslâhiye Border Gate Hatay (Closed) Syria
Cilvegözü Border Gate Hatay (Closed) Syria
Karbeyaz(Yiğitoğlu) Border Gate Hatay /Closed) Syria
Yayladağı Border Gate Hatay (Closed) Syria
İpsala Border Gate Edirne Greece
Uzunköprü Border Gate Edirne Greece
Karaağaç (Pazarkule) Border Gate Edirne Greece
Kapıkule Border Gate Edirne Bulgaria
Aziziye (Dereköy) Border Gate Kırklareli Bulgaria
Hamzabeyli Border Gate Edirne Bulgaria
A2A Airport to Airport
AMS Automated Manifest System
AWB Air Waybill
BAF Bunker Adjustment Factor
B/L Bill Of Lading
C.O.D Collect(cash)on Delivery
C/N Credit Note
C/O Certificate Of Origin
CAF Currency Adjustment Factor
CFS Container Freight Station
CY Container Yard
D/N Debit Note
D/O Delivery Order
EDI Electronic Data Interface
EAP Enviromental Protection Agency
FCL Full Container Load
FDA Food&Drug Administration
FIATA İntl. Fed. of Freight Forwarders
FTL Full Truck Load
HAWB House Air Waybill
HBL House Bill Of Lading
HQ Headquarter
HTS Harmonized Tarif Schedules
IATA International Air Transport Assc.
INV Invoice
L Length
L/C Letter of Credit
LCL Less Than Container Load
LTL Less Than Truck Load
MAWB Master Air Waybill
MBL Master Bill Of Lading
N/A Not Applicable
NVOCC NonVessel Operating CommonCarrier
OBL Original Bill Of Lading
P.O Purchase Order
PINV Proforma Invoice
SED Shippers Export Declaration
SSL Steam Ship Line
VAT Value-Added Tax
VSL Vessel
W Width
WTO World Tarde Organization
ZIP Zip Code
Afghanistan 93 Gibraltar 350 Oman 968
Albania 355 Greece 30 Pakistan 92
Algeria 213 Greenland 299 Palau 680
American Samoa 1 684 Grenada 1 473 Panama 507
Andorra 376 Guam 1 671 Papua New Guinea 675
Angola 244 Guatemala 502 Paraguay 595
Anguilla 1 264 Guinea 224 Peru 51
Antarctica 672 Guinea-Bissau 245 Philippines 63
Antigua and Barbuda 1 268 Guyana 592 Pitcairn Islands 870
Argentina 54 Haiti 509 Poland 48
Armenia 374 Holy See (Vatican City) 39 Portugal 351
Aruba 297 Honduras 504 Puerto Rico 1
Australia 61 Hong Kong 852 Qatar 974
Austria 43 Hungary 36 Republic of the Congo 242
Azerbaijan 994 Iceland 354 Romania 40
Bahamas 1 242 India 91 Russia 7
Bahrain 973 Indonesia 62 Rwanda 250
Bangladesh 880 Iran 98 Saint Barthelemy 590
Barbados 1 246 Iraq 964 Saint Helena 290
Belarus 375 Ireland 353 Saint Kitts and Nevis 1 869
Belgium 32 Isle of Man 44 Saint Lucia 1 758
Belize 501 Israel 972 Saint Martin 1 599
Benin 229 Italy 39 Saint Pierre and Miquelon 508
Bermuda 1 441 Ivory Coast 225 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 784
Bhutan 975 Jamaica 1 876 Samoa 685
Bolivia 591 Japan 81 San Marino 378
Bosnia and Herzegovina 387 Jordan 962 Sao Tome and Principe 239
Botswana 267 Kazakhstan 7 Saudi Arabia 966
Brazil 55 Kenya 254 Senegal 221
British Virgin Islands 1 284 Kiribati 686 Serbia 381
Brunei 673 Kosovo 381 Seychelles 248
Bulgaria 359 Kuwait 965 Sierra Leone 232
Burkina Faso 226 Kyrgyzstan 996 Singapore 65
Burma (Myanmar) 95 Laos 856 Slovakia 421
Burundi 257 Latvia 371 Slovenia 386
Cambodia 855 Lebanon 961 Solomon Islands 677
Cameroon 237 Lesotho 266 Somalia 252
Canada 1 Liberia 231 South Africa 27
Cape Verde 238 Libya 218 South Korea 82
Cayman Islands 1 345 Liechtenstein 423 Spain 34
Central African Republic 236 Lithuania 370 Sri Lanka 94
Chad 235 Luxembourg 352 Sudan 249
Chile 56 Macau 853 Suriname 597
China 86 Macedonia 389 Swaziland 268
Christmas Island 61 Madagascar 261 Sweden 46
Cocos (Keeling) Islands 61 Malawi 265 Switzerland 41
Colombia 57 Malaysia 60 Syria 963
Comoros 269 Maldives 960 Taiwan 886
Cook Islands 682 Mali 223 Tajikistan 992
Costa Rica 506 Malta 356 Tanzania 255
Croatia 385 Marshall Islands 692 Thailand 66
Cuba 53 Mauritania 222 Timor-Leste 670
Cyprus 357 Mauritius 230 Togo 228
Czech Republic 420 Mayotte 262 Tokelau 690
Democratic Republic of the Congo 243 Mexico 52 Tonga 676
Denmark 45 Micronesia 691 Trinidad and Tobago 1 868
Djibouti 253 Moldova 373 Tunisia 216
Dominica 1 767 Monaco 377 Turkey 90
Dominican Republic 1 809 Mongolia 976 Turkmenistan 993
Ecuador 593 Montenegro 382 Turks and Caicos Islands 1 649
Egypt 20 Montserrat 1 664 Tuvalu 688
El Salvador 503 Morocco 212 Uganda 256
Equatorial Guinea 240 Mozambique 258 Ukraine 380
Eritrea 291 Namibia 264 United Arab Emirates 971
Estonia 372 Nauru 674 United Kingdom 44
Ethiopia 251 Nepal 977 United States 1
Falkland Islands 500 Netherlands 31 Uruguay 598
Faroe Islands 298 Netherlands Antilles 599 US Virgin Islands 1 340
Fiji 679 New Caledonia 687 Uzbekistan 998
Finland 358 New Zealand 64 Vanuatu 678
France 33 Nicaragua 505 Venezuela 58
French Polynesia 689 Niger 227 Vietnam 84
Gabon 241 Nigeria 234 Wallis and Futuna 681
Gambia 220 Niue 683 West Bank 970
Gaza Strip 970 Norfolk Island 672 Yemen 967
Georgia 995 North Korea 850 Zambia 260
Germany 49 Northern Mariana Islands 1 670 Zimbabwe 263
Ghana 233 Norway 47  
Domestic Calling Codes
Adana 322 Erzincan 446 Mardin 482
Adıyaman 416 Erzurum 442 Muğla 252
Afyon 272 Eskişehir 222 Muş 436
Ağrı 472 Gaziantep 342 Nevşehir 384
Aksaray 382 Giresun 454 Niğde 388
Amasya 358 Gümüşhane 456 Ordu 452
Ankara 312 Hakkari 438 Osmaniye 328
Antalya 242 Hatay 326 Rize 464
Ardahan 478 Iğdır 476 Sakarya 264
Artvin 466 Isparta 246 Samsun 362
Aydın 256 İçel 324 Siirt 484
Balıkesir 266 İstanbul (EUROPE) 212 Sinop 368
Bartın 378 İstanbul (ASIA) 216 Sivas 346
Batman 488 İzmir 232 Şanlıurfa 414
Bayburt 458 Karabük 370 Şırnak 486
Bilecik 228 Karaman 338 Tekirdağ 282
Bingöl 426 Kars 474 Tokat 356
Bitlis 434 Kastamonu 366 Trabzon 462
Bolu 374 Kayseri 352 Tunceli 428
Burdur 248 Kırıkkale 318 Uşak 276
Bursa 224 Kırklareli 288 Van 432
Çanakkale 286 Kırşehir 386 Yalova 226
Çankırı 376 Kilis 348 Yozgat 354
Çorum 364 K.Maraş 344 Zonguldak 372
Denizli 258 Kocaeli 262 K.K.T.C 392
Diyarbakır 412 Konya 332    
Düzce 380 Kütahya 274    
Edirne 284 Malatya 422    
Elazığ 424 Manisa 236  
A ALPHA J JULIETT S SIERRA
B BRAVO K KILO T TANGO
C CHARLY L LIMA U UNIFORM
D DELTA M MIKE V VICTOR
E ECHO N NOVEMBER W WHISKY
F FOXTROT O OSCAR X X-RAY
G GOLF P PAPA Y YANKEE
H HOTEL Q QUEBEC Z ZULU
I INDIA R ROMEO  
www.izto.org.tr IZMIR CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
www.izmir.bel.tr IZMIR METROPOLITAN MUNICIPALITY
www.izfas.com.tr IZMIR INTERNATIONAL FAIR
www.denizticaretodasi.org CHAMBER OF SHIPPING
www.tdi.com.tr TURKISH MARITIME ORGANIZATION
www.ibp.gov.tr TURKISH MINISTRY OF ECONOMY
www.kgm.gov.tr TURKISH GENERAL DIRECTORATE OF HIGHWAYS
www.tobb.org.tr THE UNION OF CHAMBERS AND COMMODITY EXCHANGES OF TURKIYE
www.wto.org WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
www.iccwbo.org INTERNATIONAL CHAMBER OF COMMERCE
www.world-airport-codes.com WORLD AIRPORT CODES
http://www.convertworld.com/tr/ CONVERT TABLE
www.oanda.com/currency/converter CURRENCE CONVERTER

Bills of Lading

In virtually all circumstances in which goods are carried by container or conventional ship, the carriers issue Bills of Lading. Bills of Lading act as receipts for goods, and are also evidence of the contract to carry the goods, detailing the terms and conditions under which it has been agreed to carry them. However, a Bill of Lading also acts as a document of title. This means that, in order to take possession of the goods, the consignee must have an original of the document. Bills of Lading therefore have an additional, quite different, function from other freight documents. It is thus essential to keep “original” Bills of Lading secure (there are usually two or more originals, plus nonnegotiable copies).

Exporters can provide instructions to a freight forwarder using an Export Cargo Shipment Instruction (ECSI), which contains full details of the exporter, the consignee, the goods and packaging, and the nature of the exporter’s requirements. The freight forwarder will then arrange transport, delivery and all other transport documents.

 

The CMR form (Convention des Marchandises Routiers) is used for road freight between many European countries. It confirms receipt of the goods by the carrier, in good condition unless specified otherwise, and states conditions for the international carriage of goods by road. The carrier will normally complete it but the exporter is responsible for its accuracy. Although the CMR form does carry some insurance, this may not be sufficient and extra insurance may need to be arranged.

 

A CIM consignment note (Convention International des Marchandises par Chemin de Fer) which sets conditions for international transportation of goods by rail – can appear to look very complex. However, only the top half of the form is used for information about the goods and transportation: the bottom half is used during carriage as various railway companies enter charges and exchange rates. CIM conditions dictate that the carrier is responsible for loss and/or damage of the goods from the time he takes possession of them until they are delivered.

 

Air Waybills (AWBs) are consignment notes for air-freight. They act as a receipt for the goods “in apparent good order and condition” and are also evidence of a contract between the exporter and the carrier(s). The carrier completes the form. Unlike Bills of Lading, AWBs are not documents of title, so that the holder does not necessarily have ownership of the goods. The consignee can claim the goods on arrival merely by quoting the AWB number.

 

Sea Waybills are consignment notes for sea freight. They act as a receipt for the goods “in apparent good order and condition” and are also evidence of a contract between the exporter and the carrier(s). The carrier completes the form. Unlike Bills of Lading, Sea Waybills are not documents of title, so that the holder does not necessarily have ownership of the goods. They are increasingly used instead of Bills of Lading: they are simpler, which helps, e.g. when only short sea crossings are involved, or for regular shipments to established customers whose creditworthiness is not in doubt.

 

Courier Waybills are usually much shorter and simpler than Air or Sea Waybills. They do not conform to a particular standard and are issued by individual couriers to meet their own purposes.

 

Standard shipping notes are completed by the exporter or his representative to arrange shipments of non-hazardous goods. (A standard shipping note cannot be used for shipments of hazardous or dangerous goods). The notes act as instructions for the shipping line, and are delivered to the receiving authority at the port or freight terminal either with, or in advance of, the goods.

For the export of goods that carry a UN hazard code, a Dangerous Goods Note must always be used in place of a Standard Shipping Note. In the case of uncertainty about the hazard rating of your goods, advice could be sought from a reputable freight broker. Note that UN hazardous goods codes differ from Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) ratings.

 

Certificates – origin, inspection and health Certain destination countries require Certificates of Origin to prove the country of origin of the goods. Many countries give a preferential tariff for products imported from certain other countries. Conversely, countries that boycott goods from certain other countries will seek an undertaking that goods do not break their import restrictions.

The forms are obtained from a Chamber of Commerce and completed by the exporter. The certificates need to be authenticated by a Chamber of Commerce or by the destination country’s UK embassy or other representative, or by both. Getting Certificates of Origin authenticated may take seven working days or more. It may also be a substantial cost to the exporter, and the cost should be anticipated and reflected in quotations.

 

EU Certificates of Origin are internationally recognised under the terms of the International Convention relating to Simplification of Customs Authorities 1923, under which signatories have agreed to recognise the Certificates of Origin issued by official authorities or other designated organisations. Some countries also require EC certificates to be legalised by their UK embassy or other appointee in the UK.

 

Arab-British Chamber of Commerce Certificates of Origin are the only certificates accepted by certain Arab countries. Certification is by the Arab-British Chamber of Commerce, and, in some cases, the certificate must also be legalised by the destination country’s UK embassy.

 

EUR1 Movement Certificates are used to claim preferential duty rates (either a lower rate or nil) for goods exported to a European Free Trade Area (EFTA) country, the Baltic States or Eastern Europe (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia).

 

A Certificate of Conformity or inspection certificate states that goods comply with standards laid down by the destination country’s authorities in terms of (for example) physical condition, quantity, and technical specification. The goods must be inspected, before shipment, usually at the exporter’s premises, by an appointed inspection body. The exporter must pay for this service, and so should ensure that the cost is allowed for in quotations. For some destination countries, a Certificate of Conformity is a legal requirement. In other cases, a Certificate of Conformity is a condition for payment specified in the terms of the Letter of Credit. In countries where a Certificate of Conformity is required, if a shipment does not have one, it is likely to be impounded.

 

Health certificates, issued by the Department of Food and Rural Affairs (DeFRA), are required for all shipments of agricultural or fresh meat products. Phytosanitary and plant certificates, also issued by DeFRA, are required for exports of planting materials, trees and shrubs, and for certain raw fruits and vegetables.

Financial documents

The two main financial instruments are bills of exchange and promissory notes. Both are negotiable, so that they can be used to raise finance.

 

Bill of exchange

 

A bill of exchange (also known as a draft or bill) is an unconditional written order drawn up and signed by the exporter (the drawer) requiring the person to whom it is addressed (the drawee) to pay a specified sum at a specified time to – or “to the order of” – a named payee. It is effectively a demand for payment in a form that is recognised and understood by banks, traders and courts throughout the world (although, in some countries, there may be fiscal restraints on the issue of bills). As such, it carries certain legal rights. Special forms are available, but the bill can simply be computer-printed on plain paper or a company letterhead. The drawee will be specified in any Documentary Letters of Credit involved in the transaction. The Documentary Letters of Credit may also specify that the bill be marked “Drawn under Documentary Credit number… of (the issuing bank)”. These details must be adhered to in order not to prejudice payment. A sight bill is payable on demand. A term bill is payable on a given date (“at a fixed time”) or at a given interval (e.g. 60 days) after it is presented (“a determinable future time”). The exporter can have payment made to their own order, i.e. the payee is “ourselves”. In this case, the exporter must sign the document on the back, endorsing it either “in blank” or in favour of another party, e.g. the bank.

 

Promissory note 

A promissory note is written by the importer (the maker) in favour of the exporter (the payee or beneficiary) or the bearer. It is an unconditional promise to pay a specified sum at a specified time to – or “to the order of” – a named payee or the bearer. The drawer may specify a given date (“at a fixed time”) or one that can clearly be calculated (“a determinable future time”).

 

Additional documents you may need to be familiar with:

Commercial invoice

The invoice is the starting point for the production of all the documentation an exporter must produce, and other documents will use information shown on the invoice. For importers, the invoice comes at the end of the chain and reflects the goods you will have received. The invoice must be produced by the exporter and must carry authoritative information. Depending on the goods and destination, certain information must be included on the invoice, e.g. the customer’s VAT details (if the destination is in the EU), or special declarations required by authorities during transit or in the destination country. The invoice must sometimes be certified or legalised by a third party.

The invoice also has several functions over and above requesting payment:

• it is required to accompany the shipment, even when the goods are being sent free of charge (e.g. as with trial samples)

• it is a master document that helps to identify the shipment and its contents

• it is the exporter’s declaration of the value of the goods.

 

A pro-forma invoice is sometimes needed in advance of shipment. It acts as a quotation, and enables the customer to apply for an import licence, draw up a Letter of Credit, or get foreign exchange to pay for the goods. It looks essentially the same as a commercial invoice. The pro-forma represents an offer that can be legally binding in most countries: acceptance by your customer makes you party to a valid contract. It is advisable to state it clearly that the offer has a defined expiry date and/or that prices are subject to change without notice. Prices quoted should also be according to agreed terms of shipment, ideally Incoterms® 2010. The terms of payment should also be specified.

Some destination countries require completion of a consular invoice or certificate (a standard form prepared by the destination country) – usually in addition to your standard commercial invoice. You must normally present the consular invoice to the destination country’s UK embassy before shipping the goods, however, your local Chamber of Commerce can help advise. Consular invoices involve important factors of time and cost: the procedure will usually take at least five working days, and the embassy will charge for its services – either a flat fee or one proportional to the value of the invoice. The charges can make an impact on your margins, so you should check their cost before quoting your customer. Ideally, you should use the customer’s own language on his invoice, but this is not always practical. English is used increasingly throughout the world, and invoices written in English alone will be accepted in many countries. However, the destination country’s culture must guide your decision, and for some destination countries the invoice must be produced in that country’s own language.

 

Insurance documents

Responsibility for insurance may be split between exporter and importer or be borne entirely by one party or other (See page 19 for more on responsibility and Incoterms®). The actual requirements should be specified in the contract terms. Even if insurance appears not to be specifically mentioned, the various terms of Incoterms® 2010 specify which party is responsible for a particular risk, and to what point in transportation. The exporter can agree to arrange insurance for which the importer is responsible under a particular term, and may even agree to pay for the insurance; if so, this must be specifically noted in the contract. Similarly, and with the same proviso, the importer can agree to arrange the exporter’s insurance or even to bear the exporter’s risk.

 

Cargo insurance is normally subject to standard clauses known as “Institute Cargo Clauses”, a standard set of provisions recognised throughout the UK insurance industry, and, in fact, throughout the world. (Some countries use them “as is”, while others follow them very closely.) The English Institute Cargo Clauses are subject to English Law and jurisdiction.

 

Packing list A packing list can assist in the carriage and handling of goods, especially in larger shipments of mixed items. It will also allow Customs authorities to work faster when they need to call for physical examination of certain specific items. If part of the shipment gets lost or damaged, the packing list helps to identify quickly and accurately which goods are affected. Finally, a packing list may be a formal requirement of a Letter of Credit, in which case it should state the shipment covered. A packing list usually shows the following information: markings; number and type (e.g. cartons, crates) of packages; contents; and gross weight and dimensions. For simple consignments, all the relevant information can usually be included on the commercial invoice.